Instead of one uniform dose, the plan gives more to the parts of the tumour that imaging says are most resistant, such as hypoxic or highly active regions on PET.
Functional imaging (FDG PET, hypoxia PET, diffusion and perfusion MRI) shows that tumours are not uniform. Dose painting escalates the dose to the imaging-defined resistant subvolume while holding the rest at standard levels, either by contours or voxel by voxel. Trials in head and neck cancer and glioblastoma have shown feasibility and some local-control signals; biology-guided radiotherapy systems that use PET emissions in real time to steer the beam (RefleXion) extend the idea to tracking. The limits are the reliability of the imaging signal and the risk of toxicity in the boosted region.
Imaging biomarkers define a resistant subvolume that receives a higher dose, matching dose to biology rather than to anatomy alone.
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Shares Variation between clinicians in drawing the radiotherapy target, Adaptive radiotherapy (online replanning), IMRT / IGRT (modern external beam) and the tags radiation-wave1, precision.
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